A cross-sectional study on levels of second-hand smoke in restaurants and bars in five cities in China

Journal Article

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Tobacco control

Tob.Control

Oct

19 Suppl 2

i24

LR: 20141204; GR: P50 CA111236/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 CA125116/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9209612; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); OID: NLM: PMC2976000; 2009/12/11 [aheadofprint]; ppublish

England

1468-3318; 0964-4563

PMID: 20008154

eng

Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM

10.1136/tc.2009.029959 [doi]

Unknown(0)

20008154

OBJECTIVES: To assess indoor second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure in restaurants and bars via PM(2.5) (fine particles 2.5 mum in diameter and smaller) level measurements in five cities in China. METHODS: The study was conducted from July to September in 2007 in Beijing, Xi'an, Wuhan, Kunming and Guiyang. Portable aerosol monitors were used to measure PM(2.5) concentrations in 404 restaurants and bars. The occupant density and the active smoker density were calculated for each venue sampled. RESULTS: Among the 404 surveyed venues, 23 had complete smoking bans, 9 had partial smoking bans and 313 (77.5%) were observed to have allowed smoking during sampling. The geometric mean of indoor PM(2.5) levels in venues with smoking observed was 208 mug/m(3) and 99 mug/m(3) in venues without observed smoking. When outdoor PM(2.5) levels were adjusted, indoor PM(2.5) levels in venues with smoking observed were consistently significantly higher than in venues without smoking observed (F=80.49, p<0.001). Indoor PM(2.5) levels were positively correlated with outdoor PM(2.5) levels (partial rho=0.37 p<0.001) and active smoker density (partial rho=0.34, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with findings in other countries, PM(2.5) levels in smoking places are significantly higher than those in smoke-free places and are strongly related to the number and density of active smokers. These findings document the high levels of SHS in hospitality venues in China and point to the urgent need for comprehensive smoke-free laws in China to protect the public from SHS hazards, as called for in Article 8 of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, which was ratified by China in 2005.

Air Pollution, Indoor/legislation & jurisprudence/statistics & numerical data, China, Cross-Sectional Studies, Data Collection, Environmental Exposure/legislation & jurisprudence/statistics & numerical data, Environmental Monitoring/methods, Humans, Public Health, Restaurants/legislation & jurisprudence/statistics & numerical data, Smoking/legislation & jurisprudence, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis/legislation & jurisprudence/statistics & numerical data

Liu,R. L., Yang,Y., Travers,M. J., Fong,G. T., O'Connor,R. J., Hyland,A., Li,L., Nan,Y., Feng,G. Z., Li,Q., Jiang,Y.

Chinese National Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China. ruiling_liu@berkeley.edu

20091211

PMC2976000

http://vp9py7xf3h.search.serialssolutions.com/?charset=utf-8&pmid=20008154

2010